What is Kubernetes CrashLoopBackOff?
When a Kubernetes container repeatedly fails to start, it enters a ‘CrashLoopBackOff’ state, indicating a persistent restart loop within a pod. This error often occurs due to various issues preventing the container from launching properly.
Common causes include insufficient memory or resource overload, deployment errors, third-party service issues like DNS errors, missing dependencies, or container failures due to port conflicts.
To confirm this error, execute ‘kubectl get pods’ and verify if the pod status is ‘CrashLoopBackOff’. Addressing the root cause, whether by adjusting resources, resolving dependencies, or updating configurations, is essential for resolving the error and stabilizing the pod.
How Does CrashLoopBackOff Work?
By default, a pod’s restart policy is Always, meaning it should always restart on failure (other options are Never or OnFailure). Depending on the restart policy defined in the pod template, Kubernetes might try to restart the pod multiple times. When a Pod state is displaying CrashLoopBackOff, it means that it’s currently waiting the indicated time before restarting the pod again.
Every time the pod is restarted, Kubernetes waits for a longer and longer time, known as a “backoff delay”. The delay between restarts is exponential (10s, 20s, 40s, …) and is capped at five minutes. During this process, Kubernetes displays the CrashLoopBackOff error.
This is part of an extensive series of guides about kubernetes troubleshooting.
Common Causes of CrashLoopBackOff and How to Fix Them
“CrashLoopBackOff” can occur when a pod fails to start for some reason, because a container fails to start up properly and repeatedly crashes. Let’s review the common causes of repeated container crashes.
Resource Overload or Insufficient Memory
One of the common causes of the CrashLoopBackOff error is resource overload or insufficient memory. Kubernetes allows setting memory and CPU usage limits for each pod, which means your application might be crashing due to insufficient resources. This might happen due to memory leaks in your program, misconfigured resource requests and limits, or simply because your application requires more resources than are available on the node.
When the node that the pod is running on doesn’t have enough resources, the pod can be evicted and moved to a different node. If none of the nodes have sufficient resources, the pod can go into a CrashLoopBackOff state.
To resolve this issue, you need to understand the resource usage of your application and set the appropriate resource requests and limits. You can use the kubectl describe pod [pod_name] command to check if the pod was evicted due to insufficient memory.
You can also monitor the memory and CPU usage of your pods using Kubernetes metrics server or other monitoring tools like Prometheus. If your application is consistently using more resources than allocated, you might need to optimize your application, allocate more resources, or change resources:limits in the Container’s resource manifest.
Errors When Deploying Kubernetes
A common reason pods in your Kubernetes cluster display a CrashLoopBackOff message is that Kubernetes springs deprecated versions of Docker. You can reveal the Docker version using -v checks against the containerization tool.
A best practice for fixing this error is ensuring you have the latest Docker version and the most stable versions of other plugins. Thus, you can prevent deprecated commands and inconsistencies that trip your containers into start-fail loops.
When migrating a project into a Kubernetes cluster, you might need to roll back several Docker versions to meet the incoming project’s version.
Issue with Third-Party Services (DNS Error)
Sometimes, the CrashLoopBackOff error is caused by an issue with one of the third-party services. If this is the case, upon starting the pod you’ll see the message:
send request failure caused by: Post
Check the syslog and other container logs to see if this was caused by any of the issues we mentioned as causes of CrashLoopBackoff (e.g., locked or missing files). If not, then the problem could be with one of the third-party services.
To verify this, you’ll need to use a debugging container. A debug container works as a shell that can be used to login into the failing container. This works because both containers share a similar environment, so their behaviors are the same. Here is a link to one such shell you can use: ubuntu-network-troubleshooting.
Using the shell, log into your failing container and begin debugging as you normally would. Start with checking kube-dns configurations, since a lot of third-party issues start with incorrect DNS settings.
Missing Dependencies
The CrashLoopBackOff status can activate when Kubernetes cannot locate runtime dependencies (i.e., the var, run, secrets, kubernetes.io, or service account files are missing). This might occur when some containers inside the pod attempt to interact with an API without the default access token.
This scenario is possible if you manually create the pods using a unique API token to access cluster services. The missing service account file is the declaration of tokens needed to pass authentication.
You can fix this error by allowing all new –mount creations to adhere to the default access level throughout the pod space. Ensure that new pods using custom tokens comply with this access level to prevent continuous startup failures.
Changes Caused by Recent Updates
If you constantly update your clusters with new variables that spark resource requirements, they will likely encounter CrashLoopBackOff failures.
Suppose you have a shared master setup and run an update that restarts all the pod services. The result is several restart loops because Kubernetes must choose a master from the available options. You can fix this by changing the update procedure from a direct, all-encompassing one to a sequential one (i.e., applying changes separately in each pod). This approach makes it easier to troubleshoot the cause of the restart loop.
In some cases, CrashLoopBackOff can occur as a settling phase to the changes you make. The error resolves itself when the nodes eventually receive the right resources for a stable environment.
Container Failure due to Port Conflict
Let’s take another example in which the container failed due to a port conflict. To identify the issue you can pull the failed container by running docker logs [container id].
Doing this will let you identify the conflicting service. Using netstat, look for the corresponding container for that service and kill it with the kill command. Delete the kube-controller-manager pod and restart.
Tips from the expert
Itiel Shwartz
Co-Founder & CTO
In my experience, here are tips that can help you better manage and resolve CrashLoopBackOff errors in Kubernetes:
Analyze pod events
Use `kubectl describe pod <pod-name>` to inspect events and error messages for root causes.
Optimize startup and liveness probes
Ensure probes are correctly configured to avoid premature restarts.
Limit resource contention
Use resource requests and limits to prevent resource starvation and over-allocation.
Check init containers
Ensure init containers complete successfully, as their failure can cause the main container to crash.
Leverage StatefulSets
For stateful applications, use StatefulSets for better pod management and recovery.
How to Troubleshoot CrashLoopBackOff
The best way to identify the root cause of the error is to start going through the list of potential causes and eliminate them one by one, starting with the most common ones first.
1. Check for “Back Off Restarting Failed Container”
Run kubectl describe pod [name].
If you get a Liveness probe failed and Back-off restarting failed container messages from the kubelet, as shown below, this indicates the container is not responding and is in the process of restarting.
From Message ----- ----- kubelet Liveness probe failed: cat: can’t open ‘/tmp/healthy’: No such file or directory kubelet Back-off restarting failed container
If you get the back-off restarting failed container message this means that you are dealing with a temporary resource overload, as a result of an activity spike. The solution is to adjust periodSeconds or timeoutSeconds to give the application a longer window of time to respond.
If this was not the issue, proceed to the next step.
2. Check Logs From Previous Container Instance
If Kubernetes pod details didn’t provide any clues, your next step should be to pull information from the previous container instance.
You originally ran kubectl get pods to identify the Kubernetes pod that was exhibiting the CrashLoopBackOff error. You can run the following command to get the last ten log lines from the pod:
kubectl logs --previous --tail 10
Search the log for clues showing why the pod is repeatedly crashing. If you cannot resolve the issue, proceed to the next step.
3. Check Deployment Logs
Run the following command to retrieve the kubectl deployment logs:
kubectl logs -f deploy/ -n
This may also provide clues about issues at the application level. For example, below you can see a log file that shows ./ibdata1 can’t be mounted, likely because it’s already in use and locked by a different container.
[ERROR] [MY-012574] [InnoDB] Unable to lock ./ibdata1 error:11 [ERROR] [MY-012574] [InnoDB] Unable to lock ./ibdata1 error:11
Failing all the above, the next step is to bash into the CrashLoop container to see exactly what happened.
Why Fix CrashLoopBackOff When You Can Prevent It? 5 Tips for Prevention
In most cases, restarting the pod and deploying a new version will resolve the problem and keep the application online. However, it is important to identify the root cause of the CrashLoopBackOff error and prevent it in the first place. Here is a list of best practices that can help you prevent the CrashLoopBackOff error.
1. Configure and Recheck Your Files
A misconfigured or missing configuration file can cause the CrashLoopBackOff error, preventing the container from starting correctly. Before deployment, make sure all files are in place and configured correctly.
In most cases, files are stored in /var/lib/docker. You can use commands like ls and find to verify if the target file exists. You can also use cat and less to investigate files and make sure that there are no misconfiguration issues.
2. Be Vigilant With Third-Party Services
If an application uses a third-party service and calls made to a service fail, then the service itself is the problem. Most errors are usually due to an error with the SSL certificate or network issues, so make sure those are functioning correctly. You can log into the container and manually reach the endpoints using curl to check.
3. Check Your Environment Variables
Incorrect environment variables are a common cause of the CrashLoopBackOff error. A common occurrence is when containers require Java to run, but their environment variables are not set properly. Use env to inspect the environment variables and make sure they’re correct.
4. Check Kube-DNS
The application may be trying to connect to an external service, but the kube-dns service is not running. Here, you just need to restart the kube-dns service so the container can connect to the external service.
5. Check File Locks
As mentioned before, file locks are a common reason for the CrashLoopBackOff error. Ensure you inspect all ports and containers to see that none are being occupied by the wrong service. If they are, kill the service occupying the required port.
Troubleshoot CrashLoopBackoff – The Easy Way With Komodor
Komodor is a Kubernetes troubleshooting platform that turns hours of guesswork into actionable answers in just a few clicks. Using Komodor, you can monitor, alert and troubleshoot CrashLoopBackOff events.
For each K8s resource, Komodor automatically constructs a coherent view, including the relevant deploys, config changes, dependencies, metrics, and past incidents. Komodor seamlessly integrates and utilizes data from cloud providers, source controls, CI/CD pipelines, monitoring tools, and incident response platforms.
- Discover the root cause automatically with a timeline that tracks all changes in your application and infrastructure.
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- Give your entire team a way to troubleshoot independently without escalating.
